實施國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)水網重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)工程，是黨(dang)的(de)十九(jiu)屆五中全會(hui)和《中華人民共和國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民經濟(ji)和社會(hui)發展(zhan)第十四個(ge)五年(nian)規劃和2035年(nian)遠景目標綱要》明確的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)任務。2021年(nian)6月28日，水利(li)部(bu)黨(dang)組(zu)書記、部(bu)長李國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)英(ying)在“三(san)對(dui)標、一規劃”專(zhuan)項行動總結大(da)會(hui)上就(jiu)“實施國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)水網重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)工程”作出(chu)了專(zhuan)門部(bu)署，提出(chu)了明確要求，對(dui)于加快構建國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)水網，推動新(xin)階段(duan)水利(li)高(gao)質量發展(zhan)，保障(zhang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)水安(an)全具有重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要意義。

一、深刻認識構(gou)建國家水(shui)網的重(zhong)大意義

我國(guo)(guo)將邁入全面建設社會主義(yi)現代化國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)的新(xin)發(fa)展階段，開啟第二個百年奮斗目(mu)標(biao)的新(xin)征程(cheng)，立足新(xin)發(fa)展階段、貫徹(che)新(xin)發(fa)展理念、構(gou)建新(xin)發(fa)展格局、推動(dong)高質量發(fa)展，建成社會主義(yi)現代化強國(guo)(guo)，滿足人民(min)群眾對(dui)美(mei)好(hao)生活的新(xin)期望，迫切需要構(gou)建現代化、高質量的水利基礎設施體系(xi)，但目(mu)前我國(guo)(guo)水利工程(cheng)體系(xi)還存在(zai)體系(xi)不完(wan)善、系(xi)統性(xing)不強、標(biao)準不夠、智能(neng)化水平(ping)不高等問(wen)題，構(gou)建國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)水網(wang)十分必要和(he)緊(jin)迫。

一(yi)是貫(guan)徹落(luo)實(shi)黨(dang)(dang)中央決策(ce)部(bu)署、深入(ru)推(tui)進“三新一(yi)高(gao)”的戰(zhan)略(lve)(lve)要求(qiu)。黨(dang)(dang)的十九大(da)提出要加(jia)快(kuai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利基礎設施(shi)(shi)網(wang)絡建設，五中全(quan)(quan)會(hui)對實(shi)施(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)網(wang)重大(da)工(gong)程(cheng)作(zuo)(zuo)出戰(zhan)略(lve)(lve)部(bu)署。2021年5月14日習近(jin)平總書(shu)記在推(tui)進南(nan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)北調后(hou)續工(gong)程(cheng)高(gao)質量發展座談會(hui)上指出，要加(jia)快(kuai)構建國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)網(wang)主(zhu)骨架和大(da)動脈(mo)，為全(quan)(quan)面建設社會(hui)主(zhu)義現代(dai)化(hua)(hua)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)提供有力的水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)安全(quan)(quan)保障。因(yin)此，貫(guan)徹落(luo)實(shi)“三新一(yi)高(gao)”，要牢牢把握(wo)“國(guo)(guo)(guo)之大(da)者”，把謀(mou)(mou)劃推(tui)動國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)網(wang)重大(da)工(gong)程(cheng)建設作(zuo)(zuo)為重要抓手，統籌謀(mou)(mou)劃、整體推(tui)進、有序實(shi)施(shi)(shi)，為推(tui)進水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利現代(dai)化(hua)(hua)、高(gao)質量發展提供新的動力。

二是解決水(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源時空(kong)(kong)分布不均問題(ti)、更(geng)大范圍實現空(kong)(kong)間均衡的(de)必(bi)然(ran)要求。人多(duo)水(shui)(shui)少、水(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源時空(kong)(kong)分布不均，是我國基(ji)本國情水(shui)(shui)情。我國經(jing)濟社(she)會布局(ju)與水(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源條件不匹配，特別是北方(fang)地區，以占(zhan)全國19%的(de)水(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源量(liang)，支撐64%的(de)國土面積、60%的(de)耕地、46%的(de)人口和(he)45%的(de)經(jing)濟總(zong)量(liang)。實施國家(jia)水(shui)(shui)網重(zhong)大工程，在更(geng)大范圍、更(geng)高水(shui)(shui)平優化水(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源配置格局(ju)，對于系統(tong)解決我國水(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源空(kong)(kong)間失衡問題(ti)具有重(zhong)要意義。

三是(shi)破解水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)(gong)(gong)需(xu)矛盾、更高水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)保(bao)(bao)障水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)安全(quan)的(de)現實要求。我(wo)國水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)(gong)(gong)需(xu)失衡問題突出，供(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)保(bao)(bao)障體系(xi)目前仍存在短板，部(bu)分(fen)地(di)區(qu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)可靠性(xing)(xing)差、保(bao)(bao)障程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度不(bu)高，結構性(xing)(xing)、區(qu)域性(xing)(xing)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)性(xing)(xing)缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)問題并存。全(quan)國大(da)部(bu)分(fen)建制城(cheng)市和縣城(cheng)供(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)主要依靠徑(jing)流(liu)保(bao)(bao)障程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度不(bu)高的(de)中(zhong)小河流(liu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，這些地(di)區(qu)大(da)多(duo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)足且徑(jing)流(liu)豐枯變化(hua)(hua)大(da)，難以(yi)滿足城(cheng)鎮化(hua)(hua)進程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)增(zeng)長的(de)需(xu)求。農(nong)村地(di)區(qu)規(gui)模化(hua)(hua)供(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)網(wang)覆蓋程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度低(di)，40%的(de)灌溉面積水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)保(bao)(bao)障程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度不(bu)高。實施國家水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)網(wang)重大(da)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，對于加快(kuai)破解水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)(gong)(gong)需(xu)失衡問題，提高供(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)安全(quan)保(bao)(bao)障水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)具有(you)重要意義。

四是提高(gao)(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)體系(xi)韌性(xing)、增強水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)安(an)全(quan)風險(xian)防控能(neng)力(li)(li)的(de)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)。隨著(zhu)全(quan)球(qiu)氣候變(bian)化(hua)和(he)經(jing)濟社會發(fa)(fa)展，我國水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)情、工(gong)情、社情不斷(duan)發(fa)(fa)生變(bian)化(hua)。與“三新一高(gao)(gao)”要(yao)(yao)求相(xiang)比，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)體系(xi)還存在短(duan)板和(he)薄(bo)弱環節。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源調(diao)配(pei)能(neng)力(li)(li)不足，互聯互濟和(he)網(wang)(wang)絡化(hua)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)不高(gao)(gao)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫對徑流的(de)調(diao)控能(neng)力(li)(li)平(ping)均為(wei)33%。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)測網(wang)(wang)絡覆蓋率(lv)低，工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)調(diao)度管理(li)信息化(hua)、智能(neng)化(hua)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)不高(gao)(gao)。實(shi)施國家水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)網(wang)(wang)重(zhong)大工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，建設更加安(an)全(quan)可靠的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)網(wang)(wang)體系(xi)，對于提高(gao)(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)體系(xi)韌性(xing)，增強水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)安(an)全(quan)風險(xian)防控能(neng)力(li)(li)具(ju)有重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)作用。

二、實施國家水網重大工程的總體思路(lu)

以(yi)(yi)習近平新(xin)時代中國(guo)特色社會(hui)主義思想(xiang)為指導，深入貫徹黨的(de)十九大(da)(da)和十九屆二中、三中、四中、五(wu)中全(quan)(quan)會(hui)精神(shen)，對表對標新(xin)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)階(jie)段、新(xin)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)理(li)念、新(xin)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)格(ge)局，全(quan)(quan)面落(luo)實“節水(shui)優先(xian)、空(kong)間均衡、系統治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)、兩手發(fa)(fa)力(li)”的(de)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)思路。立足流域整體(ti)和水(shui)資源空(kong)間配置，遵循確(que)有(you)需要、生態安(an)全(quan)(quan)、可以(yi)(yi)持續的(de)重大(da)(da)水(shui)利工(gong)程論證(zheng)原則(ze)，以(yi)(yi)重大(da)(da)引調(diao)水(shui)工(gong)程和骨干(gan)輸配水(shui)通道為綱、以(yi)(yi)區域河湖(hu)水(shui)系連通工(gong)程和供水(shui)渠道為目、以(yi)(yi)控制性調(diao)蓄工(gong)程為結，構建“系統完備、安(an)全(quan)(quan)可靠(kao)，集(ji)約高效、綠色智(zhi)能，循環通暢、調(diao)控有(you)序”的(de)國(guo)家(jia)水(shui)網，全(quan)(quan)面增(zeng)強我國(guo)水(shui)資源統籌調(diao)配能力(li)、供水(shui)保障能力(li)、戰略(lve)儲(chu)備能力(li)。

三(san)、實施(shi)國(guo)家水網重大工程(cheng)的主要舉措

一是實施(shi)國(guo)家水(shui)(shui)網之“綱”——推進(jin)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)引調(diao)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)工程建(jian)(jian)設。針對(dui)我國(guo)夏汛冬枯、北缺(que)南(nan)豐(feng)，水(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)時(shi)空分布極不均(jun)衡(heng)的(de)基本水(shui)(shui)情特點，聚焦國(guo)家發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)戰略和現代化建(jian)(jian)設目標，準(zhun)確把握南(nan)水(shui)(shui)北調(diao)東線(xian)(xian)、中(zhong)線(xian)(xian)、西(xi)線(xian)(xian)三條線(xian)(xian)路的(de)各自特點，加(jia)強頂層設計，優化戰略安排(pai)(pai)，科學有序推進(jin)南(nan)水(shui)(shui)北調(diao)東、中(zhong)線(xian)(xian)后(hou)續(xu)工程建(jian)(jian)設，深入(ru)開展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)南(nan)水(shui)(shui)北調(diao)西(xi)線(xian)(xian)工程前期(qi)論證，適時(shi)推動建(jian)(jian)設。聚焦流域(yu)區域(yu)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全局，加(jia)快推進(jin)一批(pi)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)引調(diao)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)工程建(jian)(jian)設，發揮重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)引調(diao)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)工程在(zai)國(guo)家與區域(yu)水(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)空間均(jun)衡(heng)配置和水(shui)(shui)旱災(zai)害防御中(zhong)的(de)基礎(chu)作用。

二是織密(mi)國家(jia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)網(wang)(wang)之“目(mu)”——加強(qiang)(qiang)區(qu)(qu)域河(he)湖水(shui)(shui)(shui)系連通(tong)(tong)(tong)，推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)灌溉工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)。結合國家(jia)、省(sheng)區(qu)(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)安全保(bao)障(zhang)需求，加強(qiang)(qiang)國家(jia)重大水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)省(sheng)區(qu)(qu)重要(yao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)互(hu)(hu)聯互(hu)(hu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)，推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)省(sheng)區(qu)(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)，開展(zhan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)間、不同水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)間水(shui)(shui)(shui)系連通(tong)(tong)(tong)建(jian)設(she)(she)。結合國家(jia)骨(gu)干網(wang)(wang)和(he)省(sheng)市縣(xian)級網(wang)(wang)，溝通(tong)(tong)(tong)多(duo)種(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，構建(jian)多(duo)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)互(hu)(hu)補、互(hu)(hu)為備用(yong)、集約高效(xiao)的城(cheng)(cheng)市供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)格局。優化農(nong)村(cun)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)布局，大力推(tui)(tui)(tui)動農(nong)村(cun)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)規模化發展(zhan)，推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)一體化，提(ti)升農(nong)村(cun)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)標準和(he)保(bao)障(zhang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)。以糧食(shi)生產功能區(qu)(qu)、重要(yao)農(nong)產品生產保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)和(he)特色(se)農(nong)產品優勢區(qu)(qu)為重點(dian)，在東北三(san)江平(ping)原、黃淮(huai)海(hai)平(ping)原、長江中下(xia)游(you)地區(qu)(qu)、西(xi)南(nan)地區(qu)(qu)等水(shui)(shui)(shui)土資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)條件適宜地區(qu)(qu)，結合國家(jia)骨(gu)干網(wang)(wang)的水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)輸配(pei)(pei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，改善灌區(qu)(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)互(hu)(hu)聯互(hu)(hu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)互(hu)(hu)濟(ji)條件，推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)大型灌區(qu)(qu)續建(jian)配(pei)(pei)套與(yu)現代化改造。

三是打牢國家水網之“結”——推(tui)進(jin)控制性(xing)調(diao)蓄(xu)工程建(jian)設(she)。加快推(tui)進(jin)具有(you)(you)重要水資源調(diao)配功能的(de)重點水庫工程建(jian)設(she)，提高重點區域和城鄉供(gong)水保障(zhang)能力。充(chong)分挖掘現有(you)(you)工程的(de)調(diao)蓄(xu)能力，通過推(tui)進(jin)有(you)(you)條(tiao)件的(de)水庫實(shi)施(shi)清淤(yu)疏浚或(huo)加高擴容，擴大(da)流域水系水庫群(qun)聯合(he)調(diao)度，提升現有(you)(you)工程的(de)供(gong)水能力。同(tong)時綜合(he)考慮規劃依據(ju)充(chong)分、生(sheng)態(tai)環境爭議小、前(qian)期工作基礎較好、地(di)方建(jian)設(she)積極(ji)性(xing)高等要求，重點加快長江(jiang)烏東德、白(bai)鶴灘、兩河(he)口、雙(shuang)江(jiang)口、三河(he)口，黃河(he)東莊，珠江(jiang)大(da)藤峽等在建(jian)工程建(jian)設(she)，加快推(tui)進(jin)黃河(he)古賢等工程的(de)前(qian)期工作，爭取(qu)盡快開工建(jian)設(she)。

作者｜李原園   劉震   趙(zhao)鐘楠   姜大川