農(nong)村(cun)飲(yin)水安全(quan)事關億(yi)萬民生福祉(zhi)，農(nong)村(cun)供(gong)水工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)是一(yi)項保(bao)民生、得民心、穩增長的惠民工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)，黨中(zhong)央、國(guo)務(wu)院歷來(lai)高度重視農(nong)村(cun)供(gong)水保(bao)障工(gong)作(zuo)。水利(li)部會(hui)同有(you)關部門和各地(di)一(yi)道，加大資金投入，加強工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設。經(jing)(jing)過(guo)多年扎實(shi)推進，我國(guo)已經(jing)(jing)建成了(le)較為(wei)完整(zheng)的農(nong)村(cun)供(gong)水工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)體系，全(quan)國(guo)農(nong)村(cun)自(zi)來(lai)水普(pu)及率達(da)到84%。

一(yi)、農村供(gong)水標準化現狀

農(nong)(nong)村(cun)供(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)發(fa)(fa)展，標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)支撐先行。標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)是(shi)經濟活動和(he)社會發(fa)(fa)展的(de)技術支撐，是(shi)國家基(ji)(ji)礎性制度(du)(du)(du)的(de)重要方(fang)面(mian)。標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)化(hua)在(zai)推(tui)進國家治(zhi)理(li)體系(xi)和(he)治(zhi)理(li)能力現代化(hua)中發(fa)(fa)揮著基(ji)(ji)礎性、引領性作用(yong)(yong)。推(tui)動農(nong)(nong)村(cun)供(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)高質(zhi)量(liang)發(fa)(fa)展，迫切需要進一步加強標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)化(hua)工作。早在(zai)21世紀初國家啟動大規模(mo)的(de)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)供(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)工程(cheng)建設(she)階段(duan)，水(shui)(shui)利部(bu)高度(du)(du)(du)重視農(nong)(nong)村(cun)供(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)化(hua)建設(she)。2004年，水(shui)(shui)利部(bu)、衛生(sheng)部(bu)聯合印(yin)發(fa)(fa)了(le)《農(nong)(nong)村(cun)飲水(shui)(shui)安全衛生(sheng)評價(jia)指標(biao)(biao)(biao)體系(xi)》，明確(que)了(le)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)、水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)、用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)方(fang)便程(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)和(he)供(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)保證率(lv)等4項指標(biao)(biao)(biao)作為農(nong)(nong)村(cun)飲水(shui)(shui)安全評價(jia)的(de)依據，這4項指標(biao)(biao)(biao)涵蓋飲水(shui)(shui)“量(liang)”“質(zhi)”兩個基(ji)(ji)本(ben)屬(shu)性，包括取(qu)水(shui)(shui)供(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)的(de)時間(jian)（供(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)保證率(lv)）和(he)空間(jian)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)（方(fang)便程(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)）兩個維度(du)(du)(du)，簡單好用(yong)(yong)，一直(zhi)沿用(yong)(yong)至今。

在水(shui)(shui)利部安排下，2004年，中(zhong)國(guo)水(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)電科學研究(jiu)院(yuan)會同中(zhong)國(guo)灌溉(gai)排水(shui)(shui)發展中(zhong)心編制出臺(tai)了(le)《村(cun)鎮(zhen)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)工程(cheng)技術(shu)規范(fan)》，明確(que)了(le)工程(cheng)規劃、供(gong)水(shui)(shui)規模、水(shui)(shui)源選擇(ze)、凈化消毒、管(guan)網水(shui)(shui)力計算(suan)、工程(cheng)驗收和(he)運行管(guan)理(li)等(deng)內容，作為全國(guo)農村(cun)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)工程(cheng)建設(she)和(he)管(guan)理(li)的主要技術(shu)依(yi)據。隨著工作需要，分別于2014年和(he)2019年對(dui)其(qi)進行了(le)修訂。

2006年，衛(wei)生部發布(bu)了《生活飲用(yong)水(shui)(shui)衛(wei)生標(biao)準》，對(dui)城鄉(xiang)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質指標(biao)和(he)標(biao)準限值進(jin)行了規范。這(zhe)是一本(ben)強制性標(biao)準，在保(bao)障飲水(shui)(shui)安(an)(an)全的(de)前(qian)提下，針(zhen)對(dui)農村供(gong)水(shui)(shui)特點，對(dui)千(qian)噸萬人規模以下的(de)小型分(fen)散供(gong)水(shui)(shui)工(gong)程的(de)水(shui)(shui)質標(biao)準適(shi)當(dang)放寬要(yao)求，這(zhe)是符合歷史(shi)發展(zhan)階段(duan)和(he)各(ge)地實際的(de)科學安(an)(an)排(pai)。

為適應“兩(liang)不愁三(san)保(bao)障”農村飲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)安全脫(tuo)貧攻堅(jian)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)和驗(yan)收銷號的需要，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)部(bu)組(zu)織編制了(le)《農村飲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)安全評(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)準則》，繼(ji)續沿用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質、用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)方(fang)便程(cheng)度、供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)保(bao)證(zheng)率等4項評(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)指標。在水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量、供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)保(bao)證(zheng)率方(fang)面，采(cai)取(qu)(qu)了(le)更加細(xi)化和可操(cao)作性(xing)強的評(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)方(fang)法；在水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質方(fang)面，按照供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)規模采(cai)取(qu)(qu)了(le)分類(lei)評(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)；在用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)方(fang)便程(cheng)度方(fang)面，對牧區進(jin)行了(le)適當放(fang)寬。該標準得(de)到(dao)了(le)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)部(bu)、國務院(yuan)扶貧辦、衛生健康(kang)委(wei)(wei)采(cai)信，各地廣泛使(shi)用，獲(huo)得(de)了(le)國家標準委(wei)(wei)頒發的標準創(chuang)新貢(gong)獻獎。

二、農村供(gong)水工程標準化建(jian)設(she)和改造

農村(cun)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)鞏固(gu)拓展脫貧攻堅成(cheng)果的底線(xian)要求，是(shi)鄉村(cun)振(zhen)興的重要任務(wu)。2021年，水(shui)(shui)(shui)利部、國家(jia)發展改(gai)(gai)革委(wei)、財政部、鄉村(cun)振(zhen)興局等(deng)9部門印發《關于(yu)做好農村(cun)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)保(bao)障(zhang)工(gong)作(zuo)的指導意見》，提(ti)出要實施(shi)規模化(hua)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)(she)(she)和小型工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)標(biao)準化(hua)改(gai)(gai)造。在供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)規劃設(she)(she)(she)計、水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)建設(she)(she)(she)與保(bao)護(hu)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠建設(she)(she)(she)和管理等(deng)環節中，新建工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)要嚴(yan)格按照農村(cun)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)新標(biao)準進行建設(she)(she)(she)，已(yi)建工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)要對標(biao)整改(gai)(gai)，提(ti)升(sheng)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)保(bao)障(zhang)程(cheng)(cheng)度。

1.規劃設計要(yao)點

銜接相(xiang)關(guan)規劃(hua)。農村(cun)供水(shui)(shui)工程是農村(cun)重要的基礎設施(shi)。在(zai)規劃(hua)時，要堅持(chi)全局觀念，跳出供水(shui)(shui)談(tan)供水(shui)(shui)，必須依據區域總(zong)體(ti)規劃(hua)和(he)(he)鄉村(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)發展規劃(hua)，與水(shui)(shui)資源等專業(ye)規劃(hua)相(xiang)協調，并充分考慮改廁，農村(cun)二、三產業(ye)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)等鄉村(cun)建設和(he)(he)鄉村(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)發展用(yong)水(shui)(shui)需求。

優化(hua)工程(cheng)(cheng)布(bu)局。對(dui)于城(cheng)鄉接合(he)部、城(cheng)市(shi)周邊(bian)的(de)農村(cun)和(he)城(cheng)郊(jiao)融(rong)合(he)類(lei)村(cun)莊(zhuang)，優先實施城(cheng)市(shi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)管網向周邊(bian)農村(cun)延伸覆(fu)蓋，推進(jin)城(cheng)鄉供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)融(rong)合(he)發展。對(dui)于集聚提(ti)升(sheng)類(lei)村(cun)莊(zhuang)，通過(guo)聯(lian)網并網或新(xin)建、改擴建供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)工程(cheng)(cheng)，提(ti)升(sheng)規模(mo)化(hua)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)工程(cheng)(cheng)覆(fu)蓋范圍。對(dui)于特色(se)保護類(lei)村(cun)莊(zhuang)，通過(guo)小(xiao)型工程(cheng)(cheng)標準化(hua)建設和(he)改造，提(ti)升(sheng)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)保障水(shui)(shui)平。對(dui)于搬遷撤并類(lei)村(cun)莊(zhuang)，原則上不再(zai)新(xin)建工程(cheng)(cheng)，通過(guo)維(wei)修養(yang)護、加強管理和(he)應急(ji)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)，守住農村(cun)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)安(an)全底線。目標到2025年(nian)，農村(cun)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)工程(cheng)(cheng)布(bu)局不斷(duan)優化(hua)，全國農村(cun)自來水(shui)(shui)普(pu)及率提(ti)升(sheng)至(zhi)88%，規模(mo)化(hua)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)工程(cheng)(cheng)覆(fu)蓋農村(cun)人口(kou)的(de)比例進(jin)一步加大。

合(he)理(li)界(jie)定建設(she)與(yu)改(gai)(gai)造(zao)邊(bian)界(jie)。各地(di)(di)已(yi)有(you)一定的(de)農(nong)村供(gong)水(shui)工程(cheng)設(she)施基礎，是對原有(you)工程(cheng)進行(xing)“修(xiu)修(xiu)補補”的(de)達標改(gai)(gai)造(zao)，還是新建供(gong)水(shui)工程(cheng)，這需要進行(xing)詳細的(de)技術(shu)經濟論證，多方(fang)面綜合(he)比選確定。原則上不(bu)再建設(she)分(fen)散供(gong)水(shui)工程(cheng)。目(mu)前，水(shui)利部已(yi)經安排編制行(xing)業標準“農(nong)村供(gong)水(shui)工程(cheng)技術(shu)改(gai)(gai)造(zao)規程(cheng)”，目(mu)的(de)就是更好(hao)地(di)(di)指導(dao)地(di)(di)方(fang)合(he)理(li)采取技術(shu)改(gai)(gai)造(zao)方(fang)式，不(bu)斷提升農(nong)村供(gong)水(shui)保(bao)障水(shui)平。

合理確定供(gong)水(shui)規(gui)模(mo)。供(gong)水(shui)規(gui)模(mo)最重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩個設計(ji)(ji)參數就是設計(ji)(ji)供(gong)水(shui)人口(kou)和(he)(he)居(ju)(ju)民生(sheng)活用(yong)水(shui)定額。許多設計(ji)(ji)單(dan)位在(zai)(zai)(zai)設計(ji)(ji)農(nong)村(cun)供(gong)水(shui)人口(kou)時(shi)(shi)，包括戶(hu)籍人口(kou)、機械增(zeng)長人口(kou)和(he)(he)設計(ji)(ji)年限(xian)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)自然增(zeng)長人口(kou)，通常人口(kou)數量(liang)設計(ji)(ji)過(guo)大(da)，出現了“大(da)馬拉(la)小(xiao)車”現象，工(gong)程建(jian)設投入和(he)(he)運行成本高(gao)。據調研，在(zai)(zai)(zai)非(fei)人口(kou)集聚類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)村(cun)莊(zhuang)，常住(zhu)人口(kou)不(bu)足戶(hu)籍人口(kou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一半(ban)甚至更(geng)少。在(zai)(zai)(zai)確定設計(ji)(ji)供(gong)水(shui)人口(kou)數量(liang)時(shi)(shi)，要(yao)以居(ju)(ju)住(zhu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)本地(di)(di)6個月以上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)常住(zhu)人口(kou)及節(jie)假日返鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)戶(hu)籍人口(kou)計(ji)(ji)算為宜。居(ju)(ju)民生(sheng)活用(yong)水(shui)定額，按(an)照標(biao)準選擇容易偏大(da)，建(jian)議(yi)按(an)照綜合生(sheng)活用(yong)水(shui)定額進行校核(he)，并(bing)考慮到改廁，農(nong)村(cun)二、三(san)產業(ye)和(he)(he)鄉(xiang)村(cun)旅游用(yong)水(shui)需(xu)求(qiu)，南(nan)方地(di)(di)區農(nong)村(cun)居(ju)(ju)民用(yong)水(shui)定額不(bu)低于60 L/（人·日）、北(bei)方地(di)(di)區不(bu)低于40 L/（人·日），反推(tui)工(gong)程設計(ji)(ji)規(gui)模(mo)。需(xu)要(yao)說明的(de)(de)(de)(de)是，在(zai)(zai)(zai)鄉(xiang)村(cun)振(zhen)興階段，消防用(yong)水(shui)量(liang)可不(bu)單(dan)獨計(ji)(ji)算，但在(zai)(zai)(zai)供(gong)水(shui)管徑和(he)(he)消防取水(shui)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)設計(ji)(ji)上(shang)(shang)，要(yao)符合相關要(yao)求(qiu)。

2.水源工程

水(shui)源工(gong)程標準化建設和改(gai)造(zao)主要(yao)包括實施穩(wen)定水(shui)源工(gong)程建設和設置水(shui)源保護措施兩個方面。

實施穩定水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源工(gong)程建(jian)設。在對區域和農村供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程兩個尺度供用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)需(xu)求平(ping)衡分析的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)，優先利用(yong)(yong)大中型(xing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)和引調水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程作(zuo)為農村飲用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源，因地(di)制宜建(jian)設一批(pi)中小型(xing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)。優先選擇水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)良(liang)好(hao)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量充沛、取水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和輸水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)成本較低、便于保護的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源。在地(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)限制開采(cai)的(de)(de)地(di)區，要(yao)(yao)利用(yong)(yong)地(di)表(biao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)或引調水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)作(zuo)為農村供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)取水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)頭部要(yao)(yao)實行(xing)表(biao)層或中層取水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，避免底(di)層取水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，防止底(di)泥(ni)對水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)的(de)(de)干擾。

加快水(shui)源(yuan)“劃、立(li)、治(zhi)”。對(dui)于已建(jian)農(nong)村供水(shui)工程(cheng)，要(yao)配(pei)合(he)生態環境(jing)部門，盡快劃定(ding)水(shui)源(yuan)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)或保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)范(fan)圍，做到“應(ying)劃盡劃”。新建(jian)農(nong)村供水(shui)工程(cheng)水(shui)源(yuan)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)要(yao)與工程(cheng)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)規劃、同(tong)時(shi)(shi)建(jian)設、同(tong)時(shi)(shi)實施(shi)，做到“三(san)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)”。在水(shui)源(yuan)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)范(fan)圍內(nei)，要(yao)設置圍欄和警示標識，開展環境(jing)綜(zong)合(he)治(zhi)理。

3.供水工程(cheng)

農村(cun)供水(shui)工(gong)程標(biao)準化建設和(he)改(gai)造的范(fan)圍(wei)很廣，從各(ge)渠(qu)道反(fan)饋的問(wen)題和(he)發展需求來看，農村(cun)供水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)、自動(dong)化監控、節(jie)(jie)水(shui)節(jie)(jie)能改(gai)造是重點(dian)也是薄弱環節(jie)(jie)，要做好(hao)施(shi)工(gong)質(zhi)量驗收。

合(he)理(li)配置凈化消毒(du)(du)工(gong)藝。千(qian)噸萬(wan)人(ren)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和以地表水(shui)(shui)(shui)為水(shui)(shui)(shui)源的千(qian)人(ren)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，要(yao)(yao)根據水(shui)(shui)(shui)源水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)情況，合(he)理(li)配備凈水(shui)(shui)(shui)設(she)施設(she)備，占地面積緊(jin)張(zhang)時(shi)，可以采(cai)取(qu)裝配式、模塊化的一體(ti)化凈水(shui)(shui)(shui)裝置。南方自流供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，可采(cai)取(qu)浸沒式的超(chao)濾處理(li)工(gong)藝。千(qian)人(ren)以上供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，要(yao)(yao)全面配套消毒(du)(du)設(she)備。百(bai)人(ren)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，要(yao)(yao)采(cai)取(qu)適(shi)宜的消毒(du)(du)措施。分散(san)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，要(yao)(yao)鼓勵(li)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)戶喝煮沸后的水(shui)(shui)(shui)。

推(tui)(tui)行自動化監(jian)控(kong)。千(qian)噸萬人(ren)供(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)工程和有條件的(de)(de)千(qian)人(ren)供(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)工程，加強水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵機(ji)組、凈(jing)化消毒等(deng)主要供(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)設(she)施(shi)設(she)備的(de)(de)自動化監(jian)控(kong)系統建設(she)，對水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)質、水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓等(deng)關鍵參數(shu)進(jin)行在線(xian)監(jian)測(ce)，實現安全、穩(wen)定、經濟(ji)、高效供(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，并具備向(xiang)上級系統的(de)(de)數(shu)據遠(yuan)傳功(gong)能(neng)。推(tui)(tui)進(jin)對水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵機(ji)組、閘閥等(deng)供(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)設(she)備的(de)(de)遠(yuan)程控(kong)制，提升工作效率，降(jiang)低供(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)成本。有條件的(de)(de)地區，結合水(shui)(shui)(shui)文、氣象預(yu)報(bao)(bao)預(yu)測(ce)信息和水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)供(gong)(gong)(gong)需能(neng)力分(fen)析，增(zeng)強預(yu)報(bao)(bao)、預(yu)警、預(yu)演、預(yu)案(an)能(neng)力，打造智慧供(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)樣板。

推(tui)行(xing)節(jie)水(shui)(shui)節(jie)能改造。西(xi)北和(he)西(xi)南(nan)山區，有很多高揚程(cheng)、長距(ju)離的(de)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)工程(cheng)，利(li)(li)用水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)、調蓄水(shui)(shui)池和(he)泵站之間的(de)能耗(hao)耦合(he)關系，實行(xing)優(you)化調度，并(bing)利(li)(li)用峰谷電(dian)價，減(jian)少運行(xing)電(dian)耗(hao)。以地表(biao)水(shui)(shui)為(wei)水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)工程(cheng)，加強氣水(shui)(shui)反沖期改造，減(jian)少水(shui)(shui)廠自(zi)用水(shui)(shui)量。北方地區，采(cai)取建(jian)筑物外(wai)墻(qiang)和(he)室(shi)內保溫等措施，防止供(gong)水(shui)(shui)設備凍損。采(cai)取水(shui)(shui)泵軟(ruan)啟動(dong)或者(zhe)變頻供(gong)水(shui)(shui)等措施，降(jiang)低能耗(hao)，保障(zhang)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)設備安全。

強化施工(gong)質(zhi)量驗收(shou)。農村供水(shui)工(gong)程建設和(he)改造推行(xing)質(zhi)量終身負責制。工(gong)程實(shi)施完(wan)畢后，進(jin)行(xing)試(shi)運(yun)行(xing)和(he)驗收(shou)；特別要做好管網埋設、水(shui)池滿水(shui)試(shi)驗、管網水(shui)壓試(shi)驗和(he)沖(chong)洗消毒等(deng)重要施工(gong)節點驗收(shou)。對(dui)于(yu)供水(shui)不達(da)標、質(zhi)量不過關、資料(liao)檔案不完(wan)整的項目，堅決把(ba)好驗收(shou)關，確保建一(yi)(yi)處、成一(yi)(yi)處，發揮效益一(yi)(yi)處。

4.輸配水(shui)管網(wang)

輸配(pei)水管網建設(she)通(tong)常(chang)占農村供水工程投(tou)資的(de)一半以上，也(ye)是容易出現質量問題的(de)環(huan)節。

做好(hao)管(guan)(guan)網(wang)埋(mai)(mai)設(she)。管(guan)(guan)網(wang)埋(mai)(mai)設(she)直接關系到管(guan)(guan)網(wang)運行(xing)(xing)安全和冬(dong)季(ji)防凍。新(xin)建工程的管(guan)(guan)網(wang)必須要埋(mai)(mai)設(she)至凍土層以下。已(yi)建工程的裸露或埋(mai)(mai)深(shen)不足(zu)的管(guan)(guan)網(wang)，做到“應埋(mai)(mai)盡(jin)埋(mai)(mai)”；受投入過多或施工條件影響較大時，根據先(xian)干后支、先(xian)易后難(nan)、先(xian)急后緩等原(yuan)則(ze)進行(xing)(xing)填埋(mai)(mai)或包裹。管(guan)(guan)道安裝后覆土前，進行(xing)(xing)分段水壓(ya)試驗，防止漏水。

進行安全調控。山區供(gong)水(shui)靜壓(ya)過(guo)大時，必須設置(zhi)減(jian)壓(ya)池(chi)、減(jian)壓(ya)閥(fa)等減(jian)壓(ya)措施(shi)。在(zai)以地(di)下水(shui)為水(shui)源(yuan)的取水(shui)頭(tou)部(bu)，要安裝止回(hui)閥(fa)，防止停電或(huo)斷水(shui)后水(shui)泵(beng)和(he)水(shui)表倒流。在(zai)供(gong)水(shui)地(di)形(xing)高點設置(zhi)空氣閥(fa)，防止水(shui)管帶氣負壓(ya)供(gong)水(shui)，破壞管道。在(zai)供(gong)水(shui)低(di)洼處設置(zhi)泄(xie)水(shui)閥(fa)，便(bian)于清洗和(he)排空管道。

實(shi)施(shi)管(guan)網監(jian)控。對于(yu)規模化(hua)供水(shui)工程，可依托GIS地(di)理信息(xi)系統，建(jian)立管(guan)網電子(zi)檔案。當地(di)面(mian)標志性建(jian)筑物發生變化(hua)和(he)管(guan)網更新改造后，要對電子(zi)圖及時更新。對于(yu)輸配水(shui)距離較(jiao)長、分水(shui)量(liang)較(jiao)大的(de)干支管(guan)網分水(shui)口或在(zai)進(jin)村(cun)前的(de)總管(guan)上，安裝計量(liang)水(shui)表或水(shui)量(liang)、水(shui)壓在(zai)線傳感器，實(shi)行在(zai)線監(jian)測(ce)。對電動閥門和(he)輸配水(shui)泵站推行遠程啟動，提升供水(shui)效率。

三(san)、農(nong)村供(gong)水規范化管(guan)理

1.推行區(qu)域統管

依托縣(xian)農(nong)村(cun)供(gong)水(shui)公司、管理總站、流(liu)域片(pian)區供(gong)水(shui)站等形式(shi)，成立縣(xian)級統管單位，負(fu)責全(quan)縣(xian)或(huo)相關流(liu)域片(pian)區農(nong)村(cun)供(gong)水(shui)工程的統一(yi)監管、運行管理和技術服務。健全(quan)管理規章制度，建立分區考核績效措施(shi)，實(shi)現有制度管。浙江、河南(nan)等地采取這種方(fang)式(shi)，取得了(le)很(hen)好(hao)效果。

2.健全管理責(ze)任

按照農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)供(gong)水(shui)保障(zhang)“省(sheng)負總責(ze)、市縣鄉抓落(luo)實”的工(gong)作機制，推(tui)(tui)進農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)供(gong)水(shui)管(guan)理“三個責(ze)任人”的落(luo)實，將姓名(ming)(ming)、職責(ze)和聯系方式(shi)通過網絡、公告(gao)牌(pai)等進行公示，確(que)保有(you)名(ming)(ming)有(you)實有(you)效。單村(cun)(cun)(cun)供(gong)水(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)，充分利(li)用現有(you)公益(yi)性崗(gang)位和村(cun)(cun)(cun)集體收入，逐(zhu)村(cun)(cun)(cun)逐(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)落(luo)實管(guan)水(shui)員，推(tui)(tui)進“有(you)人管(guan)”。

3.強(qiang)化水費收繳(jiao)

對農村居民生活、農村二三產業(ye)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)分類(lei)定價(jia)。對于供水(shui)(shui)規(gui)模利用(yong)率較低的(de)(de)工(gong)程，在充(chong)分征(zheng)求(qiu)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)戶意見的(de)(de)基礎上，推行(xing)“基本水(shui)(shui)價(jia)+計量水(shui)(shui)價(jia)”的(de)(de)兩部(bu)制水(shui)(shui)價(jia)。執(zhi)行(xing)水(shui)(shui)價(jia)覆(fu)蓋不了供水(shui)(shui)成(cheng)本的(de)(de)，地方(fang)政府要足額補(bu)齊。利用(yong)微信公眾號、代收(shou)點、智能水(shui)(shui)表(biao)等方(fang)式，推行(xing)便(bian)捷方(fang)式收(shou)費。

4.加強水質(zhi)檢測

落(luo)實縣級水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)中(zhong)心管理制度、人員(yuan)和經費，加(jia)強對農(nong)村(cun)小型分散供水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)程的水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)。推進千(qian)噸(dun)萬人供水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)程配套完善(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化驗室，建立水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日檢(jian)制度，推行(xing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)線監(jian)測(ce)(ce)。推進生態環(huan)境部門水(shui)(shui)(shui)源水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)和衛生健康部門飲(yin)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)數據共享(xiang)。根(gen)據水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)結果，及時(shi)調整優化凈水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)藝。

5.完善應急管(guan)理

針對(dui)干旱、洪澇、地(di)震、水(shui)(shui)污染(ran)等突發事件(jian)造成(cheng)的供水(shui)(shui)問題，不(bu)斷修(xiu)訂完善縣(xian)級(ji)農村(cun)供水(shui)(shui)和(he)千人(ren)(ren)以上(shang)供水(shui)(shui)工(gong)程應(ying)急預案。建設應(ying)急備(bei)用水(shui)(shui)源，儲(chu)備(bei)應(ying)急供水(shui)(shui)物資，健(jian)全搶修(xiu)隊伍，落(luo)實縣(xian)鄉村(cun)和(he)供水(shui)(shui)單位各級(ji)應(ying)急責任人(ren)(ren)，強化應(ying)急演練，確保應(ying)急供水(shui)(shui)機制真正發揮(hui)作用。

來源/《中國水利》2022年第3期

作(zuo)者/胡孟（水利(li)部(bu)農村水利(li)水電司處長、教授級高級工程師(shi)）