民(min)以(yi)食為天，食以(yi)水(shui)(shui)為先，飲水(shui)(shui)安全(quan)(quan)事關民(min)生(sheng)福(fu)祉。黨中央、國(guo)務院高度重視農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)飲水(shui)(shui)安全(quan)(quan)工作(zuo)，“十(shi)三五(wu)”期間聚焦農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)飲水(shui)(shui)安全(quan)(quan)脫(tuo)貧攻堅，通(tong)過實施(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)飲水(shui)(shui)安全(quan)(quan)鞏固提升(sheng)(sheng)工程，截(jie)至2020年(nian)年(nian)底(di)，按照現行標準(zhun)已全(quan)(quan)面(mian)解決了農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)飲水(shui)(shui)安全(quan)(quan)問(wen)題。下一步(bu)將不(bu)斷(duan)提升(sheng)(sheng)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)供水(shui)(shui)標準(zhun)和保障水(shui)(shui)平，推進農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)飲水(shui)(shui)安全(quan)(quan)向農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)供水(shui)(shui)保障轉變(bian)。

保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)農村(cun)(cun)供(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全是鞏(gong)固拓展脫(tuo)貧攻堅成(cheng)果同鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)振興(xing)有(you)效銜接的(de)重(zhong)要舉措，是滿足(zu)農村(cun)(cun)居民美(mei)好生(sheng)活需要的(de)內在要求。同時農村(cun)(cun)供(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)是一項長期、動態的(de)工作(zuo)，受我(wo)國特殊國情(qing)、水(shui)(shui)情(qing)和經(jing)濟社會(hui)發展條件限制，鞏(gong)固飲(yin)水(shui)(shui)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全成(cheng)果、實現(xian)(xian)可持續(xu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全供(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)的(de)任務仍十分艱巨。而水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)問題(ti)一直是我(wo)國農村(cun)(cun)供(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)的(de)薄弱環節，與(yu)實施鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)振興(xing)戰略(lve)和農村(cun)(cun)居民對美(mei)好生(sheng)活的(de)向往(wang)還有(you)差(cha)距。本文(wen)分析(xi)新階段新要求下我(wo)國農村(cun)(cun)供(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)現(xian)(xian)狀、問題(ti)，研究提出進一步提升農村(cun)(cun)供(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)的(de)對策建議。

一、農村供(gong)水水質保障現狀

1.從源頭到龍(long)頭的農村供水水質安全保障體(ti)系初(chu)步建立

經過“十(shi)一五(wu)(wu)(wu)”“十(shi)二(er)五(wu)(wu)(wu)”農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)飲水(shui)(shui)(shui)安全工程及(ji)“十(shi)三五(wu)(wu)(wu)”農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)飲水(shui)(shui)(shui)安全鞏固提(ti)升工程建(jian)設，全國已形成較為完整的(de)從(cong)源頭到(dao)龍頭的(de)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)工程體系，從(cong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源保護(hu)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)凈(jing)化消毒到(dao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)檢測(ce)監測(ce)的(de)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)安全保障(zhang)體系初步(bu)建(jian)立(li)。截至2020年年底，農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)集中(zhong)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)率(lv)達(da)到(dao)88%，規模化供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)工程覆蓋農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人口(kou)的(de)比例達(da)到(dao)50%，截至2021年年底，全國農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)集中(zhong)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)率(lv)達(da)到(dao)89%，自來水(shui)(shui)(shui)普(pu)及(ji)率(lv)達(da)到(dao)84%，農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)保障(zhang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)明顯(xian)提(ti)高，有效(xiao)提(ti)升了農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)居民健康水(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)。

2.農(nong)村(cun)供水水質安全保障(zhang)工作成(cheng)效顯著

農村飲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)安全(quan)建(jian)設以(yi)來，從水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源到龍頭(tou)的水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質安全(quan)保(bao)障受到廣(guang)泛(fan)關注，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源地保(bao)護(hu)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質凈化(hua)(hua)消毒與(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質檢測監(jian)測等(deng)工(gong)作持續得(de)到水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利及相關部門重視并(bing)不斷強化(hua)(hua)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質保(bao)障能力顯著增(zeng)強，農村供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質達(da)標(biao)率持續提(ti)升。

在水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)方面，“十(shi)一五”初始就提出(chu)了“解決農村飲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)安全問題，首先要(yao)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)好飲用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)”。《全國農村飲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)安全工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)“十(shi)二五”規(gui)劃(hua)》將水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)納入規(gui)劃(hua)目標，明(ming)確千(qian)人(ren)以上(shang)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)依法劃(hua)定水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)或保(bao)護(hu)(hu)范(fan)圍(wei)。“十(shi)三(san)五”以來，各級生態環境和水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利部門以千(qian)噸萬人(ren)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)為重(zhong)點，統籌推進千(qian)人(ren)以上(shang)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)（或保(bao)護(hu)(hu)范(fan)圍(wei)）劃(hua)定工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，目前(qian)千(qian)噸萬人(ren)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)已基本見效。

在水(shui)質(zhi)檢(jian)測(ce)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)方面，《全國農村(cun)(cun)飲(yin)(yin)水(shui)安(an)全工(gong)程“十一五”規劃(hua)》明確將農村(cun)(cun)飲(yin)(yin)用水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)檢(jian)測(ce)體系建設(she)納入國家農村(cun)(cun)公共衛生體系建設(she)范圍。《全國農村(cun)(cun)飲(yin)(yin)水(shui)安(an)全工(gong)程“十二五”規劃(hua)》將100%的縣建立起農村(cun)(cun)供水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)衛生檢(jian)測(ce)和監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)體系納入規劃(hua)目(mu)標(biao)，進行中央資金(jin)補助，要求具備《生活飲(yin)(yin)用水(shui)衛生標(biao)準》（GB 5749—2006）常規水(shui)質(zhi)指標(biao)檢(jian)測(ce)能力(li)。從2003年(nian)起，各級(ji)衛健部門持(chi)續(xu)加強農村(cun)(cun)供水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)檢(jian)測(ce)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)，2020年(nian)貧困地區實現了(le)農村(cun)(cun)集中供水(shui)工(gong)程水(shui)質(zhi)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)全覆蓋。

同(tong)時，各地(di)(di)政府和水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)部(bu)門聚焦解(jie)決突(tu)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質問(wen)題，通過(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源置(zhi)(zhi)換、凈(jing)化處理、易地(di)(di)搬遷等(deng)措施，解(jie)決了氟超標和苦咸水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)等(deng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質問(wen)題。河(he)北(bei)(bei)省將(jiang)農村生活(huo)飲(yin)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源江(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)置(zhi)(zhi)換工(gong)程建設納(na)入地(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)超采綜合治理范圍(wei)，在南水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)北(bei)(bei)調受水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)區(qu)實施地(di)(di)表水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廠與(yu)農村供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)站連通工(gong)程，實現引(yin)江(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)替(ti)代地(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，從根本上(shang)解(jie)決了全省276.2萬(wan)農村人(ren)口長期飲(yin)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)氟超標水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)問(wen)題；山東、河(he)南部(bu)分地(di)(di)區(qu)采取南水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)北(bei)(bei)調江(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、黃河(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)等(deng)地(di)(di)表水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源置(zhi)(zhi)換，江(jiang)蘇、天津推(tui)進城(cheng)市(shi)供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)網延伸，徹(che)底解(jie)決了飲(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)型(xing)氟超標問(wen)題。

二、主要水質(zhi)問題(ti)及原因分析(xi)

1.農村(cun)供(gong)水(shui)主要水(shui)質問題(ti)

在水(shui)(shui)源本底、工程建設標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)、管理水(shui)(shui)平及各種污染(ran)來源等多(duo)種因素綜合影響下，我國農村(cun)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)工程特別是小(xiao)型(xing)農村(cun)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)工程，仍(reng)存在供(gong)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)不穩(wen)定情況(kuang)。對(dui)照現行標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)，當前農村(cun)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)存在的主要水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)問題可歸納為以下三點：

（1）普(pu)遍性水質問(wen)題，包(bao)括(kuo)微生(sheng)物、渾濁度指標超(chao)標

生(sheng)物(wu)性(xing)風險(xian)是(shi)影響飲用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)衛生(sheng)安全(quan)的(de)主(zhu)要因(yin)素，微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)污染是(shi)我國農村(cun)(cun)飲用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)污染主(zhu)要類(lei)型。如果扣除微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)超(chao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)因(yin)素，農村(cun)(cun)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)達(da)(da)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)率(lv)(lv)可大(da)幅度提(ti)升。2012—2018年(nian)華北地區(qu)某(mou)區(qu)（縣）農村(cun)(cun)生(sheng)活(huo)飲用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)中總(zong)(zong)大(da)腸(chang)菌群的(de)達(da)(da)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)率(lv)(lv)從64.77%到78.46%，均是(shi)全(quan)區(qu)農村(cun)(cun)生(sheng)活(huo)飲用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)最(zui)主(zhu)要超(chao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)；2019年(nian)西北某(mou)省監測(ce)的(de)6110份(fen)農村(cun)(cun)生(sheng)活(huo)飲用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)樣中，主(zhu)要的(de)超(chao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)是(shi)總(zong)(zong)大(da)腸(chang)菌群，達(da)(da)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)率(lv)(lv)為80.02%；2013—2019年(nian)西南某(mou)省農村(cun)(cun)生(sheng)活(huo)飲用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)超(chao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)主(zhu)要為微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)，總(zong)(zong)大(da)腸(chang)菌群達(da)(da)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)率(lv)(lv)僅在(zai)60%左(zuo)右。盡管水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)達(da)(da)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)率(lv)(lv)存在(zai)地區(qu)差異，但微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)為各地普遍超(chao)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)率(lv)(lv)最(zui)高的(de)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)。

渾(hun)濁(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)度是(shi)水(shui)(shui)體(ti)清潔度的(de)綜合性(xing)指(zhi)標，渾(hun)濁(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)度超標在南(nan)方地區以地表(biao)水(shui)(shui)為(wei)水(shui)(shui)源的(de)農村(cun)供水(shui)(shui)工程(cheng)中較為(wei)普遍，特別是(shi)群眾對(dui)季節性(xing)渾(hun)濁(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)引(yin)起的(de)感官(guan)不(bu)適(shi)反映較為(wei)突(tu)出。西南(nan)某省2013—2019年農村(cun)生(sheng)(sheng)活飲用水(shui)(shui)不(bu)達(da)標指(zhi)標除微生(sheng)(sheng)物指(zhi)標外，主要是(shi)渾(hun)濁(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)度超標，平均達(da)標率為(wei)83%。

（2）區域性水質(zhi)問題，包括(kuo)高氟、苦咸水、鐵錳超(chao)標、硝酸鹽超(chao)標等

受不同地(di)區(qu)(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)文地(di)質(zhi)條(tiao)件影響，如(ru)以高氟(fu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、高鐵錳水(shui)(shui)(shui)、苦(ku)咸(xian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)等(deng)劣質(zhi)地(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)為(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源，造成了(le)具有區(qu)(qu)域特點的水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)問(wen)題(ti)。根據(ju)衛生健康委聯(lian)合水(shui)(shui)(shui)利部(bu)開(kai)展(zhan)的飲(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)型氟(fu)超(chao)(chao)標(biao)摸底調(diao)查工作，截至2018年(nian)(nian)年(nian)(nian)底，全國還有22個省（直轄市、自治區(qu)(qu)）和(he)新疆生產建設兵團存(cun)在飲(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)型氟(fu)超(chao)(chao)標(biao)問(wen)題(ti)。苦(ku)咸(xian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)超(chao)(chao)標(biao)指標(biao)包括氯(lv)化(hua)物、硫酸鹽(yan)和(he)溶解(jie)性總固(gu)體，主要(yao)集中在西(xi)北(bei)等(deng)地(di)區(qu)(qu)。通過水(shui)(shui)(shui)源置換和(he)改水(shui)(shui)(shui)工程建設，截至2020年(nian)(nian)年(nian)(nian)底，全面解(jie)決了(le)飲(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)型氟(fu)超(chao)(chao)標(biao)和(he)苦(ku)咸(xian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)問(wen)題(ti)，但采用凈化(hua)處理措施(shi)的改水(shui)(shui)(shui)工程存(cun)在易反(fan)復(fu)風險(xian)。

鐵錳超(chao)標(biao)水(shui)主要以東北地區最為突出，在(zai)全國其他地區也有分布(bu)。硝(xiao)酸鹽超(chao)標(biao)問題主要由農業面源污染導致，主要集中在(zai)北方地區。

（3）特殊水(shui)質問(wen)題(ti)，包括水(shui)窖水(shui)柜(ju)水(shui)質問(wen)題(ti)及其他特殊污染問(wen)題(ti)等

受當地(di)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源條件等限制，西南、西北地(di)區(qu)仍有部分農(nong)(nong)村居民飲用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)窖、水(shui)(shui)(shui)柜水(shui)(shui)(shui)，其(qi)多以雨水(shui)(shui)(shui)等為水(shui)(shui)(shui)源，采用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)窖、水(shui)(shui)(shui)柜等儲水(shui)(shui)(shui)設施長(chang)期儲存(cun)，除微生(sheng)物指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)外，還存(cun)在(zai)渾(hun)濁度、肉眼可見(jian)物、色度等超標(biao)(biao)(biao)問(wen)題，影響(xiang)農(nong)(nong)民用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)戶感官。另外，個別地(di)方還存(cun)在(zai)重金(jin)屬(shu)超標(biao)(biao)(biao)問(wen)題及突發供水(shui)(shui)(shui)污染事件等。

2.原因分(fen)析

（1）工程投資(zi)不足，從(cong)建設上來說存在先(xian)天(tian)不足

一方面，早期工程(cheng)投(tou)資(zi)標(biao)準(zhun)低，如“十一五”時(shi)(shi)期，農(nong)村(cun)供水(shui)工程(cheng)人(ren)(ren)均(jun)投(tou)資(zi)標(biao)準(zhun)偏(pian)低，導致工程(cheng)規(gui)模偏(pian)小、建設(she)標(biao)準(zhun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)高(gao)，81%的(de)(de)農(nong)村(cun)集(ji)中供水(shui)工程(cheng)為千人(ren)(ren)以下工程(cheng)，其中西南、東北(bei)地區規(gui)模化供水(shui)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)比例不(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)(dao)30%；凈(jing)化消毒設(she)施設(she)備配套不(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)理、不(bu)(bu)(bu)齊全、不(bu)(bu)(bu)配套等情況較普遍，水(shui)質(zhi)保障(zhang)基礎不(bu)(bu)(bu)牢。另(ling)(ling)一方面，由于(yu)缺(que)乏長期穩定的(de)(de)投(tou)入機制，超期服(fu)役工程(cheng)和(he)老舊(jiu)管網得(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)(dao)及時(shi)(shi)更新(xin)改(gai)造，影(ying)響水(shui)質(zhi)保障(zhang)程(cheng)度提(ti)升。另(ling)(ling)外(wai)，近年水(shui)源污(wu)染影(ying)響，由于(yu)資(zi)金投(tou)入不(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)，一些新(xin)出(chu)現的(de)(de)水(shui)質(zhi)問題未能得(de)到(dao)(dao)(dao)及時(shi)(shi)解決(jue)。

（2）工(gong)程管理(li)仍有短板(ban)

在水(shui)(shui)(shui)源保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、凈化(hua)消毒(du)和水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)檢(jian)測等(deng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)保(bao)(bao)障關鍵環節，涉(she)及(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)態環境、水(shui)(shui)(shui)利、衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)健康等(deng)多部門，部門協作要求高(gao)，行業(ye)(ye)監管(guan)難度大，涉(she)及(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)、實驗室(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)檢(jian)測與(yu)在線監測等(deng)多方面(mian)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)技術需(xu)求，而農(nong)村供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)技術人(ren)才(cai)和專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)管(guan)理(li)人(ren)才(cai)嚴重(zhong)缺乏，當地村民管(guan)不(bu)(bu)好。部分千人(ren)以上供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程未劃定水(shui)(shui)(shui)源保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區（保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)范圍），水(shui)(shui)(shui)源保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)措施不(bu)(bu)到位，微生(sheng)(sheng)物、有機(ji)物、氨氮等(deng)污染情況時(shi)有發生(sheng)(sheng)，同時(shi)長期農(nong)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)源污染導致的地下水(shui)(shui)(shui)硝酸鹽、氨氮等(deng)指標(biao)超(chao)標(biao)情況時(shi)有發生(sheng)(sheng)；千人(ren)以上供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程凈化(hua)消毒(du)設施設備(bei)不(bu)(bu)齊全以及(ji)使用不(bu)(bu)規范現象較為普遍(bian)；盡管(guan)各(ge)縣(xian)已基本建立(li)縣(xian)級水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)檢(jian)測中心，但其正常運行比(bi)例(li)不(bu)(bu)高(gao)，檢(jian)測覆蓋(gai)范圍不(bu)(bu)廣，檢(jian)測頻(pin)率等(deng)不(bu)(bu)足。

（3）部分(fen)水處理(li)技術不適宜

農(nong)村(cun)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質多樣、本底差(cha)，農(nong)村(cun)小散供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程多以(yi)塘堰水(shui)(shui)(shui)、淺層地(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、山(shan)泉水(shui)(shui)(shui)或雨水(shui)(shui)(shui)作(zuo)為(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質條件受限(xian)，受降(jiang)雨等(deng)(deng)影響大(da)，渾濁(zhuo)度等(deng)(deng)變化大(da)。另(ling)一方面，部分地(di)(di)區以(yi)高氟水(shui)(shui)(shui)、高鐵錳水(shui)(shui)(shui)、苦咸水(shui)(shui)(shui)等(deng)(deng)劣質地(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)為(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)難度往往比城市供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)更大(da)。同時，農(nong)村(cun)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程較城市水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠規模小、運行(xing)管理(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)平低、農(nong)民經(jing)濟承受能力差(cha)，這(zhe)也(ye)決定(ding)了適宜(yi)農(nong)村(cun)的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)技(ji)術應(ying)具有(you)處(chu)(chu)理(li)效果穩定(ding)、運維簡便(bian)、運行(xing)成本低等(deng)(deng)特點。如(ru)溪(xi)溝水(shui)(shui)(shui)、山(shan)坪塘等(deng)(deng)小型地(di)(di)表水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)，渾濁(zhuo)度等(deng)(deng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質指標季節性變化大(da)，對常規水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)工(gong)藝提出(chu)了更高的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質適應(ying)性要求(qiu)；如(ru)高氟、硝酸鹽(yan)超(chao)標等(deng)(deng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質問題，現有(you)吸附(fu)、膜法等(deng)(deng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)技(ji)術均有(you)其不適宜(yi)性，亟需從技(ji)術上進一步提升。

三、提升農村供水水質安(an)全保障水平對(dui)策建議

1.優化水質保障(zhang)格局(ju)

通過城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)供(gong)水(shui)一體化(hua)和(he)發展(zhan)規模(mo)化(hua)供(gong)水(shui)，解(jie)決大量小型(xing)分散供(gong)水(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)普遍性和(he)區(qu)域性水(shui)質問題。在(zai)有條件的(de)地(di)區(qu)推進(jin)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)供(gong)水(shui)一體化(hua)，實(shi)現農村(cun)(cun)(cun)與城(cheng)市同(tong)(tong)網、同(tong)(tong)質供(gong)水(shui)。利(li)用優質、骨(gu)干水(shui)源，在(zai)人口(kou)集(ji)中居(ju)住鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮、村(cun)(cun)(cun)莊，結(jie)合鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)發展(zhan)規劃，通過以大并(bing)小、小小聯合，發展(zhan)規模(mo)化(hua)供(gong)水(shui)，減少小散工(gong)程(cheng)數量，提(ti)升水(shui)質保障格局。

2.從源頭保障水質

新(xin)建工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)優選可靠水(shui)源(yuan)，千人以上供水(shui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)推(tui)進(jin)水(shui)源(yuan)保(bao)護(hu)區（范圍）劃、立、治工(gong)(gong)作，落實水(shui)源(yuan)保(bao)護(hu)措施，加強水(shui)污染(ran)(ran)控制；千人以下及分散(san)供水(shui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)采取必(bi)要的建立井臺、封(feng)閉水(shui)源(yuan)等適宜措施，做好水(shui)源(yuan)保(bao)護(hu)。結合河(he)湖長(chang)制工(gong)(gong)作，以考核等手段促進(jin)各級(ji)河(he)長(chang)湖長(chang)在農村供水(shui)地表(biao)水(shui)源(yuan)保(bao)護(hu)方面(mian)履(lv)職(zhi)盡責；結合節水(shui)灌溉工(gong)(gong)作，減少農藥、化肥等的使用，從源(yuan)頭降(jiang)低(di)污染(ran)(ran)風險。

3.以技術保障水質

加強小型供(gong)(gong)水(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)水(shui)質保障技(ji)術研(yan)發(fa)(fa)與應用，規范(fan)(fan)農村集(ji)中供(gong)(gong)水(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)水(shui)質凈化(hua)消(xiao)毒設施設備配(pei)(pei)套(tao)改(gai)(gai)造(zao)。依托(tuo)相關科研(yan)院所(suo)、企業力量，以技(ji)術示范(fan)(fan)和推廣應用為(wei)手(shou)段，加快適宜凈化(hua)消(xiao)毒裝置的研(yan)發(fa)(fa)和應用。按照(zhao)新標(biao)準對(dui)標(biao)達標(biao)，推進工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)規范(fan)(fan)化(hua)建設與改(gai)(gai)造(zao)；農村供(gong)(gong)水(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)應配(pei)(pei)盡配(pei)(pei)完善適宜的凈化(hua)消(xiao)毒設施設備，并規范(fan)(fan)使(shi)用，發(fa)(fa)揮實(shi)效。

4.做好凈(jing)化消(xiao)毒設施設備的規范運維(wei)管(guan)理工作

結合農村供水工(gong)程水費收繳(jiao)工(gong)作，努力提高小型供水工(gong)程的水費收繳(jiao)率，實現工(gong)程有錢管、有人管。千(qian)噸萬(wan)人供水工(gong)程通(tong)過(guo)建章(zhang)立制、加強技術(shu)人員(yuan)培訓等規(gui)范凈化消毒設施設備運行(xing)管理，千(qian)人及千(qian)人以(yi)下小散供水工(gong)程可(ke)通(tong)過(guo)政府購買(mai)服務、委托規(gui)模(mo)水廠專(zhuan)業化管理隊伍等進(jin)行(xing)運行(xing)維護(hu)。

5.完(wan)善水(shui)質檢測監測體系(xi)

做好千(qian)(qian)噸萬人供(gong)水(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)水(shui)質化驗室水(shui)質檢測(ce)(ce)工(gong)作(zuo)，有條件的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)配套建設在線水(shui)質監(jian)測(ce)(ce)設備，推進縣(xian)級水(shui)質檢測(ce)(ce)中心正(zheng)常運行，聯合衛生(sheng)(sheng)健康部門(men)和生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境部門(men)共(gong)同構建衛生(sheng)(sheng)健康部門(men)飲用水(shui)水(shui)質監(jian)測(ce)(ce)、生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境部門(men)水(shui)源水(shui)質監(jian)測(ce)(ce)和縣(xian)級水(shui)質檢測(ce)(ce)中心水(shui)質巡(xun)檢、千(qian)(qian)噸萬人供(gong)水(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)水(shui)質化驗室水(shui)質檢測(ce)(ce)等水(shui)質檢測(ce)(ce)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)體系。

6.加強技術示范和(he)推廣應用

結合農村規范化(hua)水(shui)廠(chang)工(gong)作等(deng)，根據不(bu)同水(shui)源水(shui)質(zhi)特點，提(ti)出典(dian)型水(shui)質(zhi)條件下典(dian)型地區、典(dian)型工(gong)程(cheng)水(shui)質(zhi)保障(zhang)提(ti)升模式，包括水(shui)源保護、凈化(hua)消毒工(gong)藝配套、設施設備建設安裝及(ji)運行維護等(deng)模式，為其(qi)他類似地區、類似工(gong)程(cheng)提(ti)供可借(jie)鑒(jian)、可推廣經驗。

來源：《中國水利》雜志